POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

It is estimated that almost 7% of the U.S. population will experience posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in their lifetime (National Institute of Mental Health, 2017). This debilitating disorder often interferes with an individual’s ability to function in daily life. Common symptoms of anxiousness and depression frequently lead to behavioral issues, adolescent substance abuse issues, and even physical ailments. For this Assignment, you examine a PTSD video case study and consider how you might assess and treat clients presenting with PTSD.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

To prepare:

·       Review this week’s Learning Resources and reflect on the insights they provide about diagnosing and treating PTSD.

·       View the media Presentation Example: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and assess the client in the case study. 

·       For guidance on assessing the client, refer to Chapter 3 of the Wheeler text.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Note: To complete this Assignment, you must assess the client, but you are not required to submit a formal comprehensive client assessment.

THE ASSIGNMENT

Succinctly, in 1–2 pages, address the following:

·       Briefly explain the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.

·       Discuss the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and relate these criteria to the symptomology presented in the case study. Does the video case presentation provide sufficient information to derive a PTSD diagnosis? Justify your reasoning. Do you agree with the other diagnoses in the case presentation? Why or why not?(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

·       Discuss one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study. Explain whether your treatment option is considered a “gold standard treatment” from a clinical practice guideline perspective, and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners.

Support your Assignment with specific examples from this week’s media and at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources. Explain why each of your supporting sources is considered scholarly. Attach the PDFs of your sources.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

·       Grande, T. (2019, August 21). Presentation example: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Links to an external site.[Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkSv_zPH-M4

·       Gift from Within. (Producer). (2008). PTSD and veterans: A conversation with Dr. Frank OchbergLinks to an external site.[Video]. https://go.openathens.net/redirector/waldenu.edu?url=https://video.alexanderstreet.com/watch/ptsd-and-veterans-a-conversation-with-dr-frank-ochberg(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

·       Know & Grow with Dr. K. (2021, July 18). Does your child suffer from post traumatic stress disorder?Links to an external site.(Strictly Medical-English Version). [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o98ilXH5gto

Rubric

NRNP_6645_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

NRNP_6645_Week9_Assignment_Rubric

Criteria

Ratings

Pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeSuccinctly, in 1–2 pages, address the following:• Briefly explain the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.

15 to >13.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

The response includes an accurate and concise explanation of the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.

13 to >11.0 pts

Good 80%–89%

The response includes an accurate explanation of the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.

11 to >10.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

The response includes a somewhat vague or inaccurate explanation of the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness.

10 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of the neurobiological basis for PTSD illness. Or, response is missing.

15 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discuss the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and relate these criteria to the symptomology presented in the case study. Does the video case presentation provide sufficient information to derive a PTSD diagnosis? Justify your reasoning. Do you agree with the other diagnoses in the case presentation? Why or why not?(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

25 to >22.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

The response includes an accurate and concise description of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and an accurate explanation of how they relate to the symptomology presented in the case study…. The response includes a concise explanation of whether the case provides sufficient information to derive the PTSD and other diagnoses. Justification demonstrates strong diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking skills.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

22 to >19.0 pts

Good 80%–89%

The response includes an accurate description of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and an adequate explanation of how they relate to the symptomology presented in the case study…. The response includes an explanation of whether the case provides sufficient information to derive the PTSD and other diagnoses. Justification demonstrates adequate diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking skills.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

19 to >17.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

The response includes a somewhat vague or inaccurate description of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and a somewhat vague or inaccurate explanation of how they relate to the symptomology presented in the case study…. The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of whether the case provides sufficient information to derive the PTSD and other diagnoses. Justification demonstrates somewhat inadequate diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking skills.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

17 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

The response includes a vague or inaccurate description of the DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD and a vague or inaccurate explanation of how they relate to the symptomology presented in the case study. Or, response is missing…. The response includes a vague or inaccurate explanation of whether the case provides sufficient information to derive the PTSD and other diagnoses. Justification demonstrates poor diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking skills. Or, response is missing.

25 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome• Discuss one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study. Explain whether your treatment option is considered a “gold standard” treatment from a clinical practice guideline perspective, and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for psychiatric-mental health nurse practitioners.

30 to >26.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

The response includes an accurate and concise explanation of one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study…. The response clearly and concisely explains whether the recommended treatment option is a “gold standard” treatment and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for PMHNPs.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

26 to >23.0 pts

Good 80%–89%

The response includes an accurate explanation of one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study…. The response adequately explains whether the recommended treatment option is a “gold standard” treatment and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for PMHNPs.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

23 to >20.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

The response includes a somewhat vague or incomplete explanation of one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study…. The response provides a somewhat vague or incomplete explanation of whether the recommended treatment option is a “gold standard” treatment and why using gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines is important for PMHNPs.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

20 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

The response includes a vague and inaccurate explanation of one other psychotherapy treatment option for the client in this case study, or the treatment option is inappropriate. Or, the response is missing… The response provides a vague or incomplete explanation of whether the recommended treatment option is a “gold standard” treatment and why using the gold standard, evidence-based treatments from clinical practice guidelines are important for PMHNPs. Or, the response is missing.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

30 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning Outcome·   Support your approach with specific examples from this week’s media and at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources. PDFs are attached.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

15 to >13.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

The response is supported by specific examples from this week’s media and at least three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources from the literature that provide strong support for the rationale provided. PDFs are attached.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

13 to >11.0 pts

Good 80%–89%

The response is supported by examples from this week’s media and three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources from the literature that provide appropriate support for the rationale provided. PDFs are attached.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

11 to >10.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

The response is supported by examples from this week’s media and two or three peer-reviewed, evidence-based sources from the literature. Examples and resources selected may provide only weak support for the rationale provided. PDFs may not be attached.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

10 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

The response is supported by vague or inaccurate examples from the week’s media and/or evidence from the literature, or is missing.

15 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – Paragraph Development and Organization: Paragraphs make clear points that support well-developed ideas, flow logically, and demonstrate continuity of ideas. Sentences are carefully focused—neither long and rambling nor short and lacking substance. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement and introduction is provided which delineates all required criteria.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity…. A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineates all required criteria.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good 80%–89%

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 80% of the time…. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are stated, yet are brief and not descriptive.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity 60%–79% of the time…. Purpose, introduction, and conclusion of the assignment are vague or off topic.

3 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

Paragraphs and sentences follow writing standards for flow, continuity, and clarity < 60% of the time…. No purpose statement, introduction, or conclusion were provided.

5 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – English writing standards: Correct grammar, mechanics, and proper punctuation(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

Uses correct grammar, spelling, and punctuation with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good 80%–89%

Contains 1 or 2 grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

Contains 3 or 4 grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

Contains many (≥ 5) grammar, spelling, and punctuation errors that interfere with the reader’s understanding.

5 pts

This criterion is linked to a Learning OutcomeWritten Expression and Formatting – The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

5 to >4.0 pts

Excellent 90%–100%

Uses correct APA format with no errors.

4 to >3.5 pts

Good 80%–89%

Contains 1 or 2 APA format errors.

3.5 to >3.0 pts

Fair 70%–79%

Contains 3 or 4 APA format errors.

3 to >0 pts

Poor 0%–69%

Contains many (≥ 5) APA format errors.

5 pts

Total Points: 100

PreviousNext

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a psychiatric disorder in people who have experienced or witnessed traumatic events (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022). Proper assessment of patients with PTSD is best conducted using validated measures (Pant et al., 2022). Experiencing traumatic events can lead to emotional or physical harm to an individual. It can also influence the development of life-threatening conditions which affect their mental, physical, social, and spiritual well-being (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2022). This paper discusses the neurobiological basis, DSM-5-TR diagnostic criteria, and psychotherapy treatment options for PTSD.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The Neurobiological Basis for PTSD Illness

The neurobiological basis for PTSD illness involves dysregulation of glucocorticoid signaling reinforced by greater negative feedback sensitivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis (Pant et al., 2022). The approach leads to levels of cortisol and blunted adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) responses to the corticotropin-release hormone (CRH), further leading to the down-regulation of CRH receptors located on the anterior pituitary (Dossi et al., 2020). Two essential genes involved in the neurobiological process of PTSD are NR3C1 which encodes the glucocorticoid receptors, and FKBP5, which is involved in the immunoregulation and regulation of the amount of glucocorticoid made available to the glucocorticoid receptors (Pant et al., 2022). Evidence from the previous study by Dossi et al. (2020) suggests that low cortisol levels during trauma exposure influence the development of PTSD, with hypocortisolemia considered a pivotal risk factor for this mental health disorder. Therefore, such evidence can be used to explain why a high dose of hydrocortisone IV after experiencing trauma is associated with the successful prevention of PTSD development.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

The DSM-5-TR Diagnostic Criteria for PTSD 

According to the DSM-5-TR, PTSD is characterized by four key groups of symptoms: intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity (Prigerson et al., 2021). Specifically, all of these symptoms must persist for at least one month and lead to functional impairments for a diagnosis of PTSD to be conducted. Furthermore, Dossi et al. (2020) report that the presentation of PTSD is often accompanied by other psychological health problems such as depression, anxiety, anger, and substance misuse. According to the DSM-5-TR, events that lead to the development of PTSD include direct exposure to traumatic events, learning that traumatic event(s) occurred to a close family member or close friend, or experiencing repeated or extreme exposure to aversive details of the traumatic event (Prigerson et al., 2021). The video case presentation by Grande (2019, August 21) provides sufficient information to derive a PTSD diagnosis. Specifically, the author provides a detailed description of Joe’s case, including his health history, reported symptoms, and threats of PTSD to physical harm as well as maladaptive appraisals for PTSD.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Other Psychotherapy Treatment Options for The Client in This Case Study

A psychotherapy treatment option for the client in the case study is Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR). Specifically, this psychotherapeutic treatment option encourages patients to focus briefly on the trauma memory while concurrently experiencing bilateral stimulation (Prigerson et al., 2021). Therefore, the use of EMDR on the case patient would lead to the reduction of the vividness and intensity of emotions associated with the trauma memories. The EMDR is a gold standard treatment for PTSD because it enables PTSD patients to process their emotions and overcome their fears related to the traumatic events they had experienced. As reported in the case study, the patient experienced troubled emotions related to a traumatic event (Pant et al., 2022). Therefore, the EMDR, an example of exposure therapy, would allow for the active confrontation of past events that cause the patient fear and negative emotions. The use of a gold-standard treatment option is recommended as it enhances the reduction of PTSD symptoms and comorbid issues such as anger, guilt, negative health perceptions, and depression.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

Conclusion

PTSD is specifically caused by negative or terrifying past events experienced by an individual. In the DSM-5-TR for PTSD, the four key groups of symptoms include intrusion symptoms, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and alterations in arousal and reactivity. However, an individual can only be diagnosed with PTSD when symptoms persist for at least one month for an individual to be diagnosed with PTSD. An alternative psychotherapy treatment for the patients in the case study is EMDR, as it would allow patients to focus briefly on the trauma memory while concurrently experiencing bilateral stimulation. As a gold standard treatment for PTSD, the EMDR influences the reduction of the vividness and intensity of emotions associated with the trauma memories hence the development of positive emotions. All the articles used in this assignment are scholarly sources because they are written by experts and researchers in mental health, specifically PTSD.(Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Comprehensive Nursing Essay Example)

References

Dossi, G., Delvecchio, G., Prunas, C., Soares, J. C., & Brambilla, P. (2020). Neural bases of cognitive impairments in posttraumatic stress disorders: a mini-review of functional magnetic resonance imaging findings. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11(7), 109-117.

Grande, T. (2019, August 21). Presentation example: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)Links to an external site. [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkSv_zPH-M4

Pant, U., Frishkopf, M., Park, T., Norris, C. M., & Papathanassoglou, E. (2022). A neurobiological framework for the therapeutic potential of music and sound interventions for posttraumatic stress symptoms in critical illness survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(5), 3113-3119.

Prigerson, H. G., Boelen, P. A., Xu, J., Smith, K. V., & Maciejewski, P. K. (2021). Validation of the new DSM‐5‐TR criteria for prolonged grief disorder and the PG‐13‐Revised (PG‐13‐R) scale. World Psychiatry, 20(1), 96-106.

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs., (2022). PTSD: National Center for PTSD. https://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/assessment/overview/index.asp