response to a colleague

Corey Miller

Discussion one Foundational neuroscience

COLLAPSE

Foundational Neuroscience

            Antagonist and agonist are terms that describe how ions and Psycopharmicaological agents on the receptors in the brain. Agonists have and intrinsic efficacy ‘the ability to increase the activity of the receptor’ (Berg & Clarke, 2018). Chemicals That are agonist Travel into the post synaptic cleft binding to receptors allowing for a neuron to activate. Glutamate is an excitatory ion that travels into the post synaptic cleft and asked rapidly by opening channels for sodium and calcium causing postsynaptic depolarization (Camorodon & Roffman, 2016). Antagonist work in an opposite way to the excitatory ion or agonist. Antagonists are ions that have a zero-affinity binding to the target receptor without producing a response (Berg & Clarke, 2018). The antagonist such as N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) act as a glutamate inhibitor (Liu et al., 2019). Inhibiting NMDA inhibiting the postsynaptic receptor for glutamate, prevents glutamate’s excitatory actions on the postsynaptic neuron. G Coupled proteins work and a slow way, using second messenger systems involving sequential multienzyme cascades. Second messenger systems convert receptor signals altering the function of multiple target organs (Camorodon & Roffman, 2016). There are seven membrane spanning G-protein coupled receptors and their embedded within the cell membrane, once activated by second messenger systems the intercellular processes are triggered. The rapid neurotransmitter systems are the ion channels, as opposed to using secondary messengers, ions rapidly alter membrane potential neuronal activity (Camorodon & Roffman, 2016). Epigenetic play an important role in the way people develop and may suffer from mental illnesses. Childhood mistreatment results in a variation in epigenetic processes, such as DNA math myelination resulting in increased suicide and depression scores (Cecil et al., 2016). Taking into consideration that a person’s environment can affect their genes puts people with high stressors and child abuse at high risk for developing mental illnesses. Taking into consideration that patients may have problems such as increased neuronal activity due to receptors being blocked, receptors receiving too much of a ion, prevention of transport to the postsynaptic nerve there are many considerations to treating these patients. For example, serotonin is released into the synaptic cleft via VMAT vessels if the patient has a genetic disposition due to birth or epigentic abuse the patient may not be releasing enough serotonin or having too much of an up take in the postsynaptic left, can be prescribed serotonin transporters (Camorodon & Roffman, 2016). Serotonin transporters prolong serotonin’s action allowing for these effects of serotonin released to work longer, therefore treating the patient’s depression by allowing seritonion to stay longer.

Reference

Berg, K. A., & Clarke, W. P. (2018). Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivity. The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology, 21(10), 962–977. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijnp/pyy071

Camprodon, J. A., & Roffman, J. L. (2016). Psychiatric neuroscience: Incorporating pathophysiology into clinical case formulation. In T. A. Stern, M. Favo, T. E. Wilens, & J. F. Rosenbaum. (Eds.), Massachusetts General Hospital psychopharmacology and neurotherapeutics (pp. 1–19). Elsevier.

Cecil, C. A., Smith, R. G., Walton, E., Mill, J., McCrory, E. J., & Viding, E. (2016). Epigenetic signatures of childhood abuse and neglect: Implications for psychiatric vulnerability. J Psychiatr Res, 83, 184-194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.09.010

Liu, J., Chang, L., Song, Y., Li, H., & Wu, Y. (2019). The Role of NMDA Receptors in Alzheimer’s Disease. Frontiers in neuroscience, 13, 43. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2019.00043

REPLY QUOTE EMAIL AUTHOR

23 hours ago