Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics

Instructions

It is anticipated that the initial discussion post should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts to peers have no minimum word requirement but must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example). Substantive content is imperative for all posts. All discussion prompt elements for the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments unless specified in the instructions. All posts should be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource, ideally within the last 5 years. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citations and references must adhere to APA format.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Classroom Participation

Students are expected to address the initial discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forum requires a minimum of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial post and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion supported with citation(s) and reference(s), you are not just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion, however, should be correlated to the literature.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criteria inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing, and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion or the initial discussion is late, you will not receive points for content and analysis, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

• Choose a sleep disorder and discuss the pathophysiology
• assessment criteria
• treatment options

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis, and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Please review the rubric to ensure that your response meets the criteria.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Estimated time to complete: 2 hours

Discussion Peer/Participation Prompt [Due Sunday]

Please respond to at least 2 of your peer’s posts with substantive comments using the following steps:

• Substantive comments add to the discussion and provide your fellow students with information that will enhance the learning environment.
• References and citations should conform to APA standards.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)
• Remember: Please respect the opinions of others, even if their views differ. In other words, disagree professionally and respectfully.
• Plagiarism is never acceptable – give credit when credit is due – cite your sources.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis, and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Please review the rubric to ensure that your response meets the criteria. Collaboration points will be forfeited if you fail to meet the response post guidelines.(Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example)

Estimated time to complete: 1 hour

Sleep Disorder and Hypnotics Comprehensive Essay Example

Insomnia

Individuals diagnosed with insomnia experience physiologic hyperarousal in cortical/somatic/cognitive activation and peripheral nervous system, which decreases the likelihood of sleep or disengagement from the surrounding. Insomnia is characterized by displeasure in an individual’s sleep quality or quantity. Individuals diagnosed with insomnia complain of difficulty falling asleep or maintaining sleep, frequent nighttime awakenings, difficulty resuming sleep, and waking up early (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). Symptoms include impaired functioning or distress, daytime fatigue or sleepiness, impaired cognitive ability, and mood disturbances.

Insomnia involves a complex interaction of impaired homeostatic and circadian rhythm mechanisms and psychological cognition. Insomnia occurs due to the down-regulation of arousal systems. During sleep initiation, the median preoptic area (MnPO) and ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPS), the sleep-promoting regions of the brain, are suppressed. Insomnia patients experience excessive activation of the arousal systems in what is known as hyperarousal (Dopheide, 2022). During non-REM, the cortical activity is slow but active during REM. Circadian mechanisms promote wakefulness, while homeostatic mechanisms respond to insomnia.

There are various diagnosis criteria that an individual must meet for an insomnia diagnosis to be made. Individuals must complain of trouble and difficulty with falling or maintaining sleep, have adequate sleep opportunities, and experience daytime dysfunction (Krystal et al., 2019; APA, 2013). The difference between insomnia and sleep deprivation is that the latter is experienced due to the lack of adequate opportunity to sleep. FDA-approved pharmacological interventions for insomnia include tricyclic antidepressant, benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, barbiturates, orexin receptor antagonist, and melatonin agonist. Cognitive behavioral therapy is the commonly used non-pharmacological intervention for insomnia. 

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association.

Dopheide, J. A. (2020). Insomnia overview: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and monitoring, and nonpharmacologic therapy. The American Journal of Managed Care, 26(4 Suppl), S76-S84. https://doi.org/10.37765/ajmc.2020.42769

Krystal, A. D., Prather, A. A., & Ashbrook, L. H. (2019). The assessment and management of insomnia: an update. World Psychiatry, 18(3), 337-352. https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fwps.20674