This article provides a sample solution essay about Prostate-Specific Antigen. Permalink: https://premiumacademicaffiliates.com/prostate-specific-antigen premiumacademicaffiates.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students)
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages): Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests: Include the following:
  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?
    • What information does it gather?
….

Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students-Solution

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)

Diagnostic tests play a critical role in assessing the patients at crucial points of the care process. According to Rawla (2019), prostate cancer is the fifth leading cause of death of men worldwide. Cancer progression in many patients is slow and results in poorly or moderately differentiated tumors that stay confined to the prostate gland. During the trajectory of prostate cancer, Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) value is typically used as a progression marker. According to Teoh et al. (2015), PSA is a better predictive factor of prostate cancer than trans-rectal prostate ultrasound or digital rectal examination. It is imperative to evaluate PSA’s validity and reliability, as well as its sensitivity and predictive values, in a bid to understand the use of the tools as a cancer progression marker.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Use of Prostate-Specific Antigen in Healthcare. PSA provides general practitioners with valuable information in their everyday clinical practice. They are in a better position to monitor the untreated and treated prostatitis and prostate cancer. First, PSA, a tumor marker, helps in the early detection of prostate cancer (PC). Early detection aims to identify patients with clinically significant prostate cancer .secondly, PSA assists in pretreatment staging of PC. As routine radiologic staging like computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are ill, such staging studies are suitable.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) As you continue, premiumacademicaffiates.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Prostate-Specific Antigen) PSA is also used in monitoring and managing post-treatment of the men suffering from PC. This monitoring helps in the detection of disease reoccurrence. Among other recurrence treatment options after radiation therapy are radical salvage prostatectomy and androgen deprivation. PSA’s rising pattern after a local therapy of prostate cancer can help differentiate local and distant recurrence. Previous studies indicate that many patients diagnosed with localized prostate cancer and initially did not receive aggressive treatment had clinical outcomes and average life expectancies that were favorable. PSA testing, among other measures like the Gleason score, can be used to identify high-risk tumors.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Conducting PSA The risk of prostate cancer in men varies according to the levels of serum PSA. A 4.0 ng/ml threshold was primarily the recommended level for a man to undergo a prostate biopsy. PSA is based on a single serum sample analysis where the outcomes should be reiterated after one to three months if they are markedly contradicting the expected results. However, with men with persistent levels of PSA in the normal range, having non-suspicious DRE can be offered yearly testing with both DRE and PSA. On reaching the age of 65 years, the testing interval can be extended to two yearly testing. (Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Information Gathered From PSA Test When the PSA amount in the blood is measured, the level may be high. High levels can be a sign of prostate cancer. The test can also tell whether it is a slow-growing or fast-growing cancer. Slow growing cancer may fail to cause complications or have an impact on how long one can live. On the other hand, fast-growing cancer needs treatment. The raised PSA can also indicate other problems that are not cancer, such as enlarged prostate, prostatitis, or urine infection. Raised PSA level requires extra tests to determine its cause(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Evaluation of PSA PSA test is advantageous since it detects prostate cancer even before any evident symptoms. It also detects fast-growing cancer, making it possible to treat and stop the spreading of cancer. Total PSA measurements are used together with ultrasound-guided biopsy, and digital rectal examination (DRE) subjects with untrue raised PAA outcomes could result in an unnecessary biopsy, thereby delaying the physician in recognizing the presence PC. This leads to delayed therapy initiation. PSA levels should also be used along with symptoms, DRE clinical evaluations, and other imaging techniques (Anderson et al., 2017).(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Additionally, PSA tests may also result in misleading results. Elevated PSA levels may appear even when one does not have prostate cancer. Previous studies indicate that though around 76% of men may have raised PSA, they do not necessarily have prostate cancer. At the same time, since only two percent of men who have fast-growing prostate cancer have an average PSA level, the PSA may fail to detect the presence of prostate cancer. Furthermore, prostate cancer treatment has some negative impact on the patient’s daily life, such as bowel and urinary problems. The treatment may also make men have difficulties in getting and keeping an erection.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) As compared to one-time screening, the overall sensitivity increases with serial PSA testing. A 4.0 ng/ml PSA has been the most widely recognized standard of balancing sensitivity and specificity. When PSA cutoff is lowered, the sensitivity is somewhat improved. On the other hand, when the PSA cutoff value is raised, the positive predictive value for prostate cancer increases while the likelihood of being organ-confined is lowered and potentially curable. Instead of using the same cutoff for all ages, some experts use specific reference PSA ranges. More so, several men with average PSA values do not undergo biopsy unless they have an abnormal DRE. This leads to an overestimation of sensitivity and underestimation of PSA specificity in prostate cancer detection. Though PSA detects significant clinical cancers, it also discovers clinically unimportant cancers.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) As you continue, premiumacademicaffiates.com has the top and most qualified writers to help with any of your assignments. All you need to do is place an order with us. (Prostate-Specific Antigen)
Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students
Prostate-Specific Antigen
          In conclusion, PSA is far from being perfect, even though it is one of the most valued cancer markers. It can lead to unnecessary biopsies, over-diagnoses as well as overtreatment of prostate cancer that is clinically insignificant. Standard thresholds do not have come clinically significant t cancer. Early PSA tests can help identify men who are at high risk of future prostate cancer development. Therefore, they can be directed to surveillance that is more intensive compared to men who have low cancer risk. A close following should be done for men with higher PSA levels, while those with normal PSA levels should have a less frequent follow-up. While avoiding older men over diagnosis, this strategy facilitates a higher diagnosis rate in younger men.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) References Anderson, P. A., Nassr, A., Currier, B. L., Sebastian, A. S., Arnold, P. M., Fehlings, M. G., … & Riew, K. D. (2017). Evaluation of adverse events in Total disc replacement: a meta-analysis of FDA summary of safety and effectiveness data. Global spine journal, 7(1_suppl), 76S-83S.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Rawla, P. (2019). Epidemiology of prostate cancer. World journal of oncology, 10(2), 63.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) Teoh, J. Y., Yuen, S. K., Tsu, J. H., Wong, C. K., Ho, B. S., Ng, A. T., … & Yiu, M. K. (2015). Prostate cancer detection upon transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy to digital rectal examination and prostate-specific antigen level: what to expect in the Chinese population?. Asian journal of andrology, 17(5), 821.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students)

Question – Prostate-Specific Antigen

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) Assignment (3–4 pages, not including title and reference pages): Assignment Option 1: Adult Assessment Tools or Diagnostic Tests: Include the following:
  • A description of how the assessment tool or diagnostic test you were assigned is used in healthcare.
    • What is its purpose?
    • How is it conducted?(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students)
    • What information does it gather?(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students)
  • Based on your research, evaluate the test or the tool’s validity and reliability, and explain any issues with sensitivity, reliability, and predictive values. Include references in appropriate APA formatting.
A clear and comprehensive purpose statement, introduction, and conclusion are provided that delineate all required criteria. The paper follows correct APA format for title page, headings, font, spacing, margins, indentations, page numbers, running heads, parenthetical/in-text citations, and reference list.(Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students) (Prostate-Specific Antigen Comprehensive Essay Example for Nursing Students)

Reference

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

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