Clinical Practice Portfolio-Neurotransmitters Chart
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| Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart for NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion | |||||||
| Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart | Function (Excitatory or Inhibitory) | Locations | Receptors | Effects of Deficient | Effects of Surplus | Agonist Drug | Antagonist Drug |
| Acetylcholine | Excitatory | Several different locations of the brain including striatal complex, the basal forebrain and the medulla | Acetylcholine receptors either nicotinic and muscarinic subunits | Memory impairment and brain disorders | Having excess acetylcholine accumulated at the synapses and neuromuscular junctions triggers symptoms of muscarinic and nicotinic toxicity. These symptoms include cramps, lacrimation, and blurry vision amongst others. | Include nicotine, choline, epibatidine,obeline, varenicline and cysteine mimic the action of acetylcholine | Compete with actions of acetylcholine for example atropine competes for a common binding site on all muscarinic receptors |
| Dopamine | Both excitatory and inhibitory | Located in the mid brain at the substania nigra and ventra tegmental area. Also found in hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus | There are five types of dopamine receptors with each having a specific function or functions. They are D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5. The functions of D1 include memory, attention, locomotion, regulation of renal function and impulse control. | Aches and pains, tremors, spasms, tremors, muscle cramps and muscle stiffness | One becomes aggressive, competitive, and have poor impulse control. It can lead to gambling, addiction, binge eating and ADHD. | Include Bromocriptine, cabergoline, Rotigitine and Apomorphine. | Clozepine, Chlorpromazine, promethazine and risperidone. |
| Endorphins | Inhibitory | Are released from the pituitary gland in response to pain and can act in both the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system. | Bind with μ-receptors of peripheral nerves thus inhibiting the transmission of pain signals | Leads to depression and headaches | Besides decreased feelings of pain, secretion of endorphins leads to feelings of euphoria, modulation of appetite, release of sex hormones, and enhancement of the immune response. | .methadone and buprenorphine intramuscular heroin | Naloxone and naltrexone used in opioid antagonists drugs and as competitive antagonists bind to the opioid receptors without activating the receptors. |
| GABA | inhibitory | The Limbic system where personal feelings and emotional memories are generated and stored. | There are two classes of GABA receptors namely ionotropic receptors( GABAA) and metabotropic receptors(GABAB | Lower than normal levels of GABA in the brain is associate with sleep disorders, anxiety. Depression and schizophrenia | Causes hypersomnia or daytime sleepiness. | GABA (a) receptor agonists are like alcohol, barbiturates and benzodiazepine. GABA(b) receptor agonists include propofol, sodium oxybate and Baclofen. GABA analogs are like gabapentin, pregabalin and Valproic acid | Include bicuculline, securinine and metrazol Conventionally, these drugs generate a stimulant and convulsant effects hence their use to counter overdose of sedative drugs. |
| Glutamate | Excitatory | Occurs in protein- containing foods like cheese milk and mushrooms but is also produced by the human body.in the CNS | Glutamate receptors are found on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells and bind with glutamate released in into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cells | Causes insomnia, mental exhaustion and difficulties in concentration. | Increase cellular activity, leading to over excitation on nerve cells which eventually causes cell death. | Cycloutylene AP5 and DCG IV Kainic acid and Quisqualic acid | Amantadine, |
| Glycine | inhibitory | In the brain stem and spinal cord. | Glycine receptors have the function of fast inhibitory transmission in the CNS. Suppress neural firing through hyper polarization that occurs when glycine activates anion channels. | Means the body produces less glutathione that negatively impacts on how one body handles oxidative stress over time. | Elevated glycine levels within the brain and cerebrospinal fluid cause’s seizures, breathing difficulties, movement disorders and intellectual disability. | D- Alanine L- Serine | Can either be selective like Brucine, Tutin and Strychnine or non-selective like Pitrazepin, Caffeine, Pictrotoxin and Bicuculine |
| Glutamate | excitatory | Occurs in protein- containing foods like cheese milk and mushrooms but is also produced by the human body.in the CNS | Glutamate receptors are found on the dendrites of postsynaptic cells and bind with glutamate released in into the synaptic cleft by presynaptic cells | Causes insomnia, mental exhaustion and difficulties in concentration. | Increase cellular activity, leading to over excitation on nerve cells which eventually causes cell death. | Cycloutylene AP5 and DCG IV Kainic acid and Quisqualic acid | Amantadine, |
| Norepinephrine | Excitatory | Produced in the inner part of the adrenal glands called the adrenal medulla | Norepinephrine binds to alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptors or adrenoceptors in different tissues. For example in the blood vessels it triggers vasoconstrictive thus increasing blood pressure. | Low levels of Norepinephrine is associated with ADHD, lack of concentration, lethargy and even depression. | Can lead to panic attacks, elevated blood pressure, euphoria ,and general hyperactivity | Epinephrine | Tricyclic antidepressant, beta blockers and antipsychotics |
| Serotonin | inhibitory | Primarily found in the enteric nervous system whose location is within the gastrointestinal tract though its production occurs in the CNS. | Serotonin membrane depolarization occurs after fast mediation and excitatory responses by 5-HT3 receptors located on neurons in both PNS and CNS. | Serotonin Levels below normal are associated with depression, anxiety and sleep | Excessive levels of Serotonin causes mild shivering and diarrhea to severe muscle rigidity , fever, and seizures | Serotonin 5-HT-Receptor Agonists Addyi.almotriptan.Amerge.Axert.eletriptan.flibanserin.Frova.frovatriptan. | 5-HT3 antagonists include Dolasetron. Granisetron. Ondansetron. Palonosetron. |
Notes: Clinical Practice Portfolio – Neurotransmitters Chart from the NU670-8c- Advanced Psychopharmacology and Health Promotion class
Commonly Used Drugs and Treatment Information Charts:
https://www.drugabuse.gov/sites/default/files/nida_commonlyuseddrugs_final_printready.pdf
Withdrawal Sx Chart
