Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health,

NU675 WEEK 5- Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health, Introduction to topic related to LGBTQI behavioral/mental health, Epidemiology and economic costs, Overview of the assessment/tools to assess/DSM-5, Pharmacological interventions with specifics to dynamics, kinetics, contraindications, side effects, and so on Plan of care to include collaborative interventions and psychotherapeutic options.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health

Instructions

It is anticipated that the initial discussion post should be in the range of 250-300 words. Response posts to peers have no minimum word requirement but must demonstrate topic knowledge and scholarly engagement with peers. Substantive content is imperative for all posts. All discussion prompt elements for the topic must be addressed. Please proofread your response carefully for grammar and spelling. Do not upload any attachments unless specified in the instructions. All posts should be supported by a minimum of one scholarly resource, ideally within the last 5 years. Journals and websites must be cited appropriately. Citations and references must adhere to APA format.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Classroom Participation

Students are expected to address the initial discussion question by Wednesday of each week. Participation in the discussion forum requires a minimum of three (3) substantive postings (this includes your initial post and posting to two peers) on three (3) different days. Substantive means that you add something new to the discussion supported with citation(s) and reference(s), you are not just agreeing. This is also a time to ask questions or offer information surrounding the topic addressed by your peers. Personal experience is appropriate for a substantive discussion, however, should be correlated to the literature.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

All discussion boards will be evaluated utilizing rubric criterion inclusive of content, analysis, collaboration, writing, and APA. If you fail to post an initial discussion or initial discussion is late, you will not receive points for content and analysis, you may however post to your peers for partial credit following the guidelines above. (Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI behavioral/mental health)

Discussion Prompt [Due Wednesday]

After you complete the readings, choose a topic related to LGBTQI behavioral/mental health. Examples include trauma, abuse, homelessness, or bipolar disorder, etc…

Address the following in your post:

• Introduction to topic related to LGBTQI behavioral/mental health
• Epidemiology and economic costs
• Overview of the assessment/tools to assess/DSM-5
• Pharmacological interventions with specifics to dynamics, kinetics, contraindications, side effects, and so on
• Plan of care to include collaborative interventions and psychotherapeutic options.

Responses need to address all components of the question, demonstrate critical thinking and analysis and include peer-reviewed journal evidence to support the student’s position. (Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI behavioral/mental health

Please be sure to validate your opinions and ideas with in-text citations and corresponding references in APA format.

Please review the rubric to ensure that your response meets the criteria.

Estimated time to complete: 2 hours

Introduction to Topic Related to LGBTQIA Behavioral/Mental Health

Unfortunately, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual/aromantic/agender (LGBTQIA) individuals may be more likely to experience difficulties with their mental health (Villines, 2021). This is the result of the stigma and discrimination they face with living an alternative lifestyle (Villines, 2021). Therefore, being LGBTQIA may increase the chance of developing bipolar disorder (Villines, 2021). Researchers state that the link between sexuality and bipolar disorder is not fully understood, nor why bipolar disorder is more prevalent in the gay population (Villines, 2021). However, research does suggest that certain environmental factors, such as emotional abuse, can play a role in the development of bipolar disorder (Villines, 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Epidemiology and Economic Costs

Husain-Krutter (2017) study state that mood disorders, which include bipolar disorders, are at least one and a half times higher (over a 12-month period or a lifetime) in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals when compared to the heterosexual population. There is also a higher prevalence of suicide (Husain-Krautter, 2017). A study showed that the national economic burden using prevalence data for BD-I and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), in the US population, is a total annual cost of $219.1 billion for BD-I, which is an average of $88,443 per person per year (including direct health-care costs, direct non-healthcare costs, and indirect costs (Bessonova et al., 2020). A second study estimated the total annual cost burden of BD-I and BD-II at $194.8 billion (Bessonova et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Overview Assessment/Tools to Assess/DSM-5

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder would also have to be met for a definitive diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). However, the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale (BSDS) or mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) can be utilized as assessment tools for the condition. The MDQ screens for bipolar spectrum disorder, which includes BD-I, BD-II and BD-NOS (Wang et al., 2020). The MDQ consists of five questions; if the patient answers: “yes” to seven or more of the 13 items in question number 1; and “yes” to question number 2; and “moderate” or “serious” to question number 3; you have a positive screen (Wang et al., 2020). All three of the criteria above should be met (Wang et al., 2020). A positive screen should be followed by a comprehensive medical evaluation for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (Wang et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Pharmacological Interventions Specifics

Lithium is a pharmacological intervention for bipolar disorder that pharmacodynamic actions are multifaceted and complex (Brown & Tracy, 2013).). Lithium does not bind to cellular receptors; instead, it exerts therapeutic actions through modification of intracellular second messenger systems, downstream of metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, by way of enzyme inhibition, with subsequent alteration of a complex and interconnected intracellular enzymatic cascade (Brown & Tracy, 2013). There are two distinct enzymatic chains or pathways that targets lithium: inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) within the phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathway and the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), although therapeutic effects may be due to further downstream effects (Brown & Tracy, 2013). The pharmacokinetics of lithium consist of it being rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma concentrations occurring 0.5–3 h following an oral dose and its elimination half-life averages about 20–24 h; the steady-state concentrations are reached after 4–5 days (Brown & Tracy, 2013). Lithium is contraindicated in patients with renal failure, cardiovascular insufficiency, Addison’s disease, and untreated hypothyroidism (Brown & Tracy, 2013). Careful consideration of the risks and benefits of lithium treatment is required in patients with less severe renal impairment (Brown & Tracy, 2013). The common side effects of lithium include the following: hand tremors, increased thirst, increased urination, diarrhea, vomiting, weight gain, impaired memory, and poor concentration (Brown & Tracy, 2013).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Plan of Care with Collaborative Interventions and Psychotherapeutic Options

Treatment for bipolar disorder is best guided by a professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions that are also skilled in treating the condition and related disorders (Cerimele et al., 2015). The collaborative care treatment team may include the patient, a psychologist/psychiatric nurse practitioner, a social worker, a psychiatric nurse, a personal caregiver, and the patient’s family and/or spouse (Cerimele et al., 2015). The plan of care may include program elements of contracting and shared decision-making, psycho-education, problem-solving treatment, systematic relapse prevention, monitoring of outcomes, and pharmacotherapy (Cerimele et al., 2015). The psychotherapeutic options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which is effective in decreasing the relapse rate, improving symptoms of depression and mania severity, and psychosocial functioning (Cerimele et al., 2015). Family-focused therapy (FFT) can also be utilized; it is a psychoeducational treatment that is focused on the alleviation of mood symptoms, relapse prevention, and enhanced psychosocial functioning (Cerimele et al., 2015). FFT consists of three modules: psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills (Cerimele et al., 2015).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Bessonova, L., Ogden, K., Doane, M. J., O’Sullivan, A. K., & Tohen, M. (2020). The economic burden of bipolar disorder in the United States: A systematic literature Review. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research:

Introduction to Topic Related to LGBTQIA Behavioral/Mental Health

Unfortunately, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer/questioning, intersex, and asexual/aromantic/agender (LGBTQIA) individuals may be more likely to experience difficulties with their mental health (Villines, 2021). This is the result of the stigma and discrimination they face with living an alternative lifestyle (Villines, 2021). Therefore, being LGBTQIA may increase the chance of developing bipolar disorder (Villines, 2021). Researchers state that the link between sexuality and bipolar disorder is not fully understood, nor why bipolar disorder is more prevalent in the gay population (Villines, 2021). However, research does suggest that certain environmental factors, such as emotional abuse, can play a role in the development of bipolar disorder (Villines, 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Epidemiology and Economic Costs

Husain-Krutter (2017) study state that mood disorders, which include bipolar disorders, are at least one and a half times higher (over a 12-month period or a lifetime) in lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals when compared to the heterosexual population. There is also a higher prevalence of suicide (Husain-Krautter, 2017). A study showed that the national economic burden using prevalence data for BD-I and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), in the US population, is a total annual cost of $219.1 billion for BD-I, which is an average of $88,443 per person per year (including direct health-care costs, direct non-healthcare costs, and indirect costs (Bessonova et al., 2020). A second study estimated the total annual cost burden of BD-I and BD-II at $194.8 billion (Bessonova et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Overview Assessment/Tools to Assess/DSM-5

The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) diagnostic criteria for bipolar disorder would also have to be met for a definitive diagnosis (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013). However, the bipolar spectrum diagnostic scale (BSDS) or mood disorder questionnaire (MDQ) can be utilized as assessment tools for the condition. The MDQ screens for bipolar spectrum disorder, which includes BD-I, BD-II and BD-NOS (Wang et al., 2020). The MDQ consists of five questions; if the patient answers: “yes” to seven or more of the 13 items in question number 1; and “yes” to question number 2; and “moderate” or “serious” to question number 3; you have a positive screen (Wang et al., 2020). All three of the criteria above should be met (Wang et al., 2020). A positive screen should be followed by a comprehensive medical evaluation for Bipolar Spectrum Disorder (Wang et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Pharmacological Interventions Specifics

Lithium is a pharmacological intervention for bipolar disorder that pharmacodynamic actions are multifaceted and complex (Brown & Tracy, 2013).). Lithium does not bind to cellular receptors; instead, it exerts therapeutic actions through modification of intracellular second messenger systems, downstream of metabotropic neurotransmitter receptors, by way of enzyme inhibition, with subsequent alteration of a complex and interconnected intracellular enzymatic cascade (Brown & Tracy, 2013). There are two distinct enzymatic chains or pathways that targets lithium: inositol monophosphatase (IMPase) within the phosphatidylinositol (PI) signaling pathway and the protein kinase glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β), although therapeutic effects may be due to further downstream effects (Brown & Tracy, 2013). The pharmacokinetics of lithium consist of it being rapidly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract with peak plasma concentrations occurring 0.5–3 h following an oral dose and its elimination half-life averages about 20–24 h; the steady-state concentrations are reached after 4–5 days (Brown & Tracy, 2013). Lithium is contraindicated in patients with renal failure, cardiovascular insufficiency, Addison’s disease, and untreated hypothyroidism (Brown & Tracy, 2013). Careful consideration of the risks and benefits of lithium treatment is required in patients with less severe renal impairment (Brown & Tracy, 2013). The common side effects of lithium include the following: hand tremors, increased thirst, increased urination, diarrhea, vomiting, weight gain, impaired memory, and poor concentration (Brown & Tracy, 2013).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Plan of Care with Collaborative Interventions and Psychotherapeutic Options

Treatment for bipolar disorder is best guided by a professional who specializes in diagnosing and treating mental health conditions that are also skilled in treating the condition and related disorders (Cerimele et al., 2015). The collaborative care treatment team may include the patient, a psychologist/psychiatric nurse practitioner, a social worker, a psychiatric nurse, a personal caregiver, and the patient’s family and/or spouse (Cerimele et al., 2015). The plan of care may include program elements of contracting and shared decision-making, psycho-education, problem-solving treatment, systematic relapse prevention, monitoring of outcomes, and pharmacotherapy (Cerimele et al., 2015). The psychotherapeutic options may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which is effective in decreasing the relapse rate, improving symptoms of depression and mania severity, and psychosocial functioning (Cerimele et al., 2015). Family-focused therapy (FFT) can also be utilized; it is a psychoeducational treatment that is focused on the alleviation of mood symptoms, relapse prevention, and enhanced psychosocial functioning (Cerimele et al., 2015). FFT consists of three modules: psychoeducation, communication enhancement training, and problem-solving skills (Cerimele et al., 2015).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc.

Bessonova, L., Ogden, K., Doane, M. J., O’Sullivan, A. K., & Tohen, M. (2020). The economic burden of bipolar disorder in the United States: A systematic literature Review. ClinicoEconomics and Outcomes Research: CEOR, 12, 481–497. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S259338Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Brown, K. M., & Tracy, D. K. (2013). Lithium: The pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 3(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312471963Links to an external site.

Cerimele, J. M., Ratzliff, A., & Sexton, J. M. (2015). Collaborative care for a patient with bipolar disorder in primary care: a case example. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(2), 144–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.11.004Links to an external site.

Husain-Krautter, S. (2017, May 1). A brief discussion on mood disorders in the LGBT population. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal, 12(5), 10-11. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.120505Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Villines, Z. (2021, May 9). Gay and bipolar disorder: What to know. Medical News Today.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gay-and-bipolar#bipolar-disorderLinks to an external site.

Wang, H. R., Bahk, W. M., Yoon, B. H., Kim, M. D., Jung, Y. E., Min, K. J., Hong, J., & Woo, Y. S. (2020). The influence of current mood states on screening accuracy of the mood disorder questionnaire. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience: The official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.25

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health

Introduction to Topic LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health and Trauma

Trauma can significantly impact lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer/questioning, intersex (LGBTQI) people’s mental health and diagnoses (Whitfield et al., 2021). According to research, LGBTQI people experience trauma at higher rates than the general population, which can impact their mental health. In LGBTQI people, for instance, trauma has been associated with higher rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). LGBTQI people are also more likely to experience other forms of violence, including physical violence, intimate partner violence, and hate crimes (Bermea et al., 2021). LGBTQI people who have gone through trauma may also be more likely to abuse drugs or harm themselves (Bermea et al., 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

It is important to remember that not all people who identify as LGBTQI will experience traumatic effects or problems with their mental health as a direct result of their traumatic experiences (Scheer & Baams, 2021). However, it is essential to remember the potential effects of traumatic experiences on the mental health of this population. If someone identifies as LGBTQI and has been through a traumatic experience, they should seek the assistance of a mental health professional if they are struggling with their mental health (Whitfield et al., 2021). People who identify as LGBTQI have access to various resources that can assist them after a traumatic experience.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Epidemiology and Economic Costs

Prevalence

Large-scale epidemiological studies on the incidence of trauma and mental health issues in LGBTQI people are scarce. However, smaller studies indicate that the trauma rates among LGBTQI people are higher than those of the general population. According to Livingston et al. (2020), a study of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people revealed that greater than 60% of participants had gone through at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, with nearly half going through multiple traumas.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

In a study of transgender people, almost 90% of the participants reported having encountered violence or harassment at some point in their lives. Additionally, this study discovered that transgender people who had been victims of abuse or harassment were more likely to suffer from PTSD, depression, and other mental health issues (Livingston et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Seventy percent of LGBTQI youth in a study reported having experienced some form of violence or harassment. This research also shows that LGBTQI youth who have been victims of violence or harassment are more likely to suffer from psychological issues like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Livingston et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Economic costs

Estimating the financial costs of trauma and mental health issues in LGBTQI people is challenging. Trauma and mental health issues can significantly affect a person’s capacity to function in society (Christensen et al., 2020). For instance, trauma has been associated with poorer general health, unemployment, and lower wages. Additionally, mental health issues may result in more frequent medical services, which could raise the cost of living for individuals, families, and society.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

According to researchers, homophobia has a yearly economic cost in the billions of dollars. This includes the price of mental health treatment, lost productivity, and suicide (Christensen et al., 2020). LGBTQI individuals experience a high rate of mental distress and diagnoses, which puts additional strain on the already overburdened mental health care system.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

According to one estimate, the stigma that gay, lesbian, transgender and other people who represent gender or sexual diversity face in their communities prevents them from contributing as much as $100 billion annually to the global economy (Rae, 2017). In 2018, a study was conducted on the socioecological measurement of homophobia and its effects on public health in 158 countries. According to the study, discrimination against gay people costs the global economy $119.1 billion annually (Taylor, 2016).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Overview of Assessment Tools for DSM-5 Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders

Many treatment options are available for DSM-5 disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and other stress-related disorders. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders is the most popular tool (SCID-5) (Osório et al., 2019). The SCID-5 is divided into diagnostic modules, and it evaluates conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, eating disorders, somatic symptom disorders, some sleep disorders, externalizing disorders, and conditions that are influenced by trauma and stressors (Shabani et al., 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Other assessment tools that can be used to assess for DSM-5 disorders include the Post trauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) (ISTSS.org). These tools have been found to be reliable and valid measures of PTSD and other trauma- and stress-related disorders.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Pharmacological Interventions

Several pharmaceutical interventions have been shown to be effective in the treatment of mental disorders among LGBTQI people. Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and antipsychotics are the most widely prescribed drugs. Although these drugs have a history of success in treating mental illness, they are not without their risks (NAMI.org). The most common pharmacological intervention for trauma and stress-related disorders is antidepressants. Antidepressants are a type of medication that can be used to treat a variety of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Antidepressants work by increasing levels of certain chemicals in the brain, which can improve mood and alleviate symptoms.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

There are a variety of other pharmacological interventions that can be used to treat trauma and stress-related disorders. For example, anti-anxiety medications (Tracy, 2019), beta-blockers (Brown, 2018), and antipsychotics can all be used to treat symptoms of PTSD (Holder et al., 2021). In addition, there are a number of alternative and complementary treatments that have been found to be effective for treating trauma and stress-related disorders. Numerous psychotherapeutic approaches can be used to treat mental illnesses in LGBTQI individuals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are the three psychotherapeutic modalities that are most frequently used (EMDR) (Carbone, 2018). These treatments for mental disorders may be successful, but they may also have adverse side effects.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Collaborative Interventions and Psychotherapeutic Options Plan of Care

According to Livingston et al. (2020), a thorough assessment, pharmaceutical interventions, psychotherapeutic options, and holistic interventions should all be part of the care plan for LGBTQI individuals. First, the assessment should determine whether DSM-5 disorders are present. Second, the assessment should serve as the basis for the pharmacological interventions, which should be adapted to the patient’s needs. Third, the assessment should serve as the basis for the psychotherapeutic options, which should be customized to the patient’s needs. Finally, the assessment should serve as the basis for holistic interventions that should align with the patient’s needs. It is important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating trauma and stress-related disorders (Livingston et al., 2020). The best treatment plan will vary depending on the individual’s specific needs and preferences.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

References

Bermea, A. M., Slakoff, D. C., & Goldberg, A. E. (2021). Intimate Partner Violence in the LGBTQ+ Community: Experiences, Outcomes, and Implications for Primary Care. Primary care, 48(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2021.02.006Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Brown, J. (2018, June 11). Can Beta-Blockers Help Your Anxiety? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/beta-blockers-for-anxietyLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Carbone D. J. (2018). Treatment of gay men for post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from social ostracism and ridicule: cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approaches. Archives of sexual behavior, 37(2), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9239-3Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Christensen, M. K., Lim, C., Saha, S., Plana-Ripoll, O., Cannon, D., Presley, F., Weye, N., Momen, N. C., Whiteford, H. A., Iburg, K. M., & McGrath, J. J. (2020). The cost of mental disorders: a systematic review. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 29, e161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204579602000075XLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Holder, N., Woods, A., Neylan, T. C., Maguen, S., Seal, K. H., Bernardy, N., Wiechers, I., Ryder, A., Urbieta, A. M., & Cohen, B. E. (2021). Trends in Medication Prescribing in Patients with PTSD From 2009 to 2018: A National Veterans Administration Study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 82(3), 20m13522. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m13522Links to an external site.

ISTSS.org. Clinical Resources. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. https://istss.org/clinical-resources/treating-traumaLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Livingston, N. A., Berke, D., Scholl, J., Ruben, M., & Shipherd, J. C. (2020). Addressing Diversity in PTSD Treatment: Clinical Considerations and Guidance for the Treatment of PTSD in LGBTQ Populations. Current treatment options in psychiatry, 7(2), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00204-0Links to an external site.

NAMI.org. LGBTQI. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/LGBTQILinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Osório, F. L., Loureiro, S. R., Hallak, J., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Ushirohira, J. M., Baes, C., Apolinario, T. D., Donadon, M. F., Bolsoni, L. M., Guimarães, T., Fracon, V. S., Silva-Rodrigues, A., Pizeta, F. A., Souza, R. M., Sanches, R. F., Dos Santos, R. G., Martin-Santos, R., & Crippa, J. (2019). Clinical validity and intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 – Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 73(12), 754–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12931Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health

Rae, B. (2017, February 17). Homophobia costs countries $100 Billion a year. Pink News. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/02/17/homophobia-costs-countries-100-billion-a-year/Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Shabani, A., Masoumian, S., Zamirinejad, S., Hejri, M., Pirmorad, T., & Yaghmaeezadeh, H. (2021). Psychometric properties of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). Brain and behavior, 11(5), e01894. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1894Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Scheer, J. R., & Baams, L. (2021). Help-Seeking Patterns Among LGBTQ Young Adults Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Victimization. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(17-18), 8050–8069. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519848785Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health

Taylor, J. (2016, July 18). Researchers Calculated the Economic Cost of Homophobia — And the Numbers Are Staggering. MIC. https://www.mic.com/articles/148935/researchers-calculated-the-economic-cost-of-homophobia-and-the-numbers-are-staggeringLinks to an external site.

Tracy, N. (2019, May 14). List of Anxiety Medications – Antianxiety Medications List, Healthy Place. https://www.healthyplace.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders/list-of-anxiety-medications-antianxiety-medications-list

Whitfield, D. L., Coulter, R., Langenderfer-Magruder, L., & Jacobson, D. (2021). Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students: The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Sexual Orientation. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(11-12), NP6040–NP6064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812071Links to an external site.

CEOR, 12, 481–497. https://doi.org/10.2147/CEOR.S259338Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Brown, K. M., & Tracy, D. K. (2013). Lithium: The pharmacodynamic actions of the amazing ion. Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology, 3(3), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.1177/2045125312471963Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Cerimele, J. M., Ratzliff, A., & Sexton, J. M. (2015). Collaborative care for a patient with bipolar disorder in primary care: a case example. General Hospital Psychiatry, 37(2), 144–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2014.11.004Links to an external site.

Husain-Krautter, S. (2017, May 1). A brief discussion on mood disorders in the LGBT population. American Journal of Psychiatry Residents’ Journal, 12(5), 10-11. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp-rj.2017.120505Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Villines, Z. (2021, May 9). Gay and bipolar disorder: What to know. Medical News Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health Today.https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/gay-and-bipolar#bipolar-disorderLinks to an external site.

Wang, H. R., Bahk, W. M., Yoon, B. H., Kim, M. D., Jung, Y. E., Min, K. J., Hong, J., & Woo, Y. S. (2020). The influence of current mood states on screening accuracy of the mood disorder questionnaire. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience: The official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 18(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2020.18.1.25(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health Example 2

Introduction to Topic LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health and Trauma

Trauma can significantly impact lesbian, gay, bisexual, transexual, queer/questioning, intersex (LGBTQI) people’s mental health and diagnoses (Whitfield et al., 2021). According to research, LGBTQI people experience trauma at higher rates than the general population, which can impact their mental health. In LGBTQI people, for instance, trauma has been associated with higher rates of anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). LGBTQI people are also more likely to experience other forms of violence, including physical violence, intimate partner violence, and hate crimes (Bermea et al., 2021). LGBTQI people who have gone through trauma may also be more likely to abuse drugs or harm themselves (Bermea et al., 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

It is important to remember that not all people who identify as LGBTQI will experience traumatic effects or problems with their mental health as a direct result of their traumatic experiences (Scheer & Baams, 2021). However, it is essential to remember the potential effects of traumatic experiences on the mental health of this population. If someone identifies as LGBTQI and has been through a traumatic experience, they should seek the assistance of a mental health professional if they are struggling with their mental health (Whitfield et al., 2021). People who identify as LGBTQI have access to various resources that can assist them after a traumatic experience.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Epidemiology and Economic Costs

Prevalence

Large-scale epidemiological studies on the incidence of trauma and mental health issues in LGBTQI people are scarce. However, smaller studies indicate that the trauma rates among LGBTQI people are higher than those of the general population. According to Livingston et al. (2020), a study of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people revealed that greater than 60% of participants had gone through at least one traumatic event in their lifetime, with nearly half going through multiple traumas.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

In a study of transgender people, almost 90% of the participants reported having encountered violence or harassment at some point in their lives. Additionally, this study discovered that transgender people who had been victims of abuse or harassment were more likely to suffer from PTSD, depression, and other mental health issues (Livingston et al., 2020). Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Seventy percent of LGBTQI youth in a study reported having experienced some form of violence or harassment. This research also shows that LGBTQI youth who have been victims of violence or harassment are more likely to suffer from psychological issues like anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (Livingston et al., 2020).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Economic costs

Estimating the financial costs of trauma and mental health issues in LGBTQI people is challenging. Trauma and mental health issues can significantly affect a person’s capacity to function in society (Christensen et al., 2020). For instance, trauma has been associated with poorer general health, unemployment, and lower wages. Additionally, mental health issues may result in more frequent medical services, which could raise the cost of living for individuals, families, and society.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

According to researchers, homophobia has a yearly economic cost in the billions of dollars. This includes the price of mental health treatment, lost productivity, and suicide (Christensen et al., 2020). LGBTQI individuals experience a high rate of mental distress and diagnoses, which puts additional strain on the already overburdened mental health care system. Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental HealthAccording to one estimate, the stigma that gay, lesbian, transgender and other people who represent gender or sexual diversity face in their communities prevents them from contributing as much as $100 billion annually to the global economy (Rae, 2017). In 2018, a study was conducted on the socioecological measurement of homophobia and its effects on public health in 158 countries. According to the study, discrimination against gay people costs the global economy $119.1 billion annually (Taylor, 2016).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Overview of Assessment Tools for DSM-5 Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders

Many treatment options are available for DSM-5 disorders, such as post-traumatic stress disorder and other stress-related disorders. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders is the most popular tool (SCID-5) (Osório et al., 2019). The SCID-5 is divided into diagnostic modules, and it evaluates conditions such as mood disorders, psychotic disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, eating disorders, somatic symptom disorders, some sleep disorders, externalizing disorders, and conditions that are influenced by trauma and stressors (Shabani et al., 2021).(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Other assessment tools that can be used to assess for DSM-5 disorders include the Post trauma Risky Behaviors Questionnaire (PRBQ), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5), Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5 (PC-PTSD-5) (ISTSS.org). These tools have been found to be reliable and valid measures of PTSD and other trauma- and stress-related disorders.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Pharmacological Interventions

Several pharmaceutical interventions have been shown to be effective in the treatment of mental disorders among LGBTQI people. Antidepressants, antianxiety drugs, and antipsychotics are the most widely prescribed drugs. Although these drugs have a history of success in treating mental illness, they are not without their risks (NAMI.org). The most common pharmacological intervention for trauma and stress-related disorders is antidepressants. Antidepressants are a type of medication that can be used to treat a variety of mental health conditions, including anxiety, depression, and PTSD. Antidepressants work by increasing levels of certain chemicals in the brain, which can improve mood and alleviate symptoms. Unit 5 Discussion – LGBTQI Behavioral/Mental Health. (Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

There are a variety of other pharmacological interventions that can be used to treat trauma and stress-related disorders. For example, anti-anxiety medications (Tracy, 2019), beta-blockers (Brown, 2018), and antipsychotics can all be used to treat symptoms of PTSD (Holder et al., 2021). In addition, there are a number of alternative and complementary treatments that have been found to be effective for treating trauma and stress-related disorders. Numerous psychotherapeutic approaches can be used to treat mental illnesses in LGBTQI individuals. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), exposure therapy, and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) are the three psychotherapeutic modalities that are most frequently used (EMDR) (Carbone, 2018). These treatments for mental disorders may be successful, but they may also have adverse side effects.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Collaborative Interventions and Psychotherapeutic Options Plan of Care

According to Livingston et al. (2020), a thorough assessment, pharmaceutical interventions, psychotherapeutic options, and holistic interventions should all be part of the care plan for LGBTQI individuals. First, the assessment should determine whether DSM-5 disorders are present. Second, the assessment should serve as the basis for the pharmacological interventions, which should be adapted to the patient’s needs. Third, the assessment should serve as the basis for the psychotherapeutic options, which should be customized to the patient’s needs. Finally, the assessment should serve as the basis for holistic interventions that should align with the patient’s needs. It is important to note that there is no one-size-fits-all approach to treating trauma and stress-related disorders (Livingston et al., 2020). The best treatment plan will vary depending on the individual’s specific needs and preferences.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

References

Bermea, A. M., Slakoff, D. C., & Goldberg, A. E. (2021). Intimate Partner Violence in the LGBTQ+ Community: Experiences, Outcomes, and Implications for Primary Care. Primary care, 48(2), 329–337. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pop.2021.02.006Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Brown, J. (2018, June 11). Can Beta-Blockers Help Your Anxiety? Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/beta-blockers-for-anxietyLinks to an external site.

Carbone D. J. (2018). Treatment of gay men for post-traumatic stress disorder resulting from social ostracism and ridicule: cognitive behavior therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing approaches. Archives of sexual behavior, 37(2), 305–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-007-9239-3Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Christensen, M. K., Lim, C., Saha, S., Plana-Ripoll, O., Cannon, D., Presley, F., Weye, N., Momen, N. C., Whiteford, H. A., Iburg, K. M., & McGrath, J. J. (2020). The cost of mental disorders: a systematic review. Epidemiology and psychiatric sciences, 29, e161. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204579602000075XLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Holder, N., Woods, A., Neylan, T. C., Maguen, S., Seal, K. H., Bernardy, N., Wiechers, I., Ryder, A., Urbieta, A. M., & Cohen, B. E. (2021). Trends in Medication Prescribing in Patients with PTSD From 2009 to 2018: A National Veterans Administration Study. The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 82(3), 20m13522. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.20m13522Links to an external site.

ISTSS.org. Clinical Resources. International Society for Traumatic Stress Studies. https://istss.org/clinical-resources/treating-traumaLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Livingston, N. A., Berke, D., Scholl, J., Ruben, M., & Shipherd, J. C. (2020). Addressing Diversity in PTSD Treatment: Clinical Considerations and Guidance for the Treatment of PTSD in LGBTQ Populations. Current treatment options in psychiatry, 7(2), 53–69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40501-020-00204-0Links to an external site.

NAMI.org. LGBTQI. National Alliance on Mental Illness. https://www.nami.org/Your-Journey/Identity-and-Cultural-Dimensions/LGBTQILinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Osório, F. L., Loureiro, S. R., Hallak, J., Machado-de-Sousa, J. P., Ushirohira, J. M., Baes, C., Apolinario, T. D., Donadon, M. F., Bolsoni, L. M., Guimarães, T., Fracon, V. S., Silva-Rodrigues, A., Pizeta, F. A., Souza, R. M., Sanches, R. F., Dos Santos, R. G., Martin-Santos, R., & Crippa, J. (2019). Clinical validity and intrarater and test-retest reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 – Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences, 73(12), 754–760. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12931Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Rae, B. (2017, February 17). Homophobia costs countries $100 Billion a year. Pink News. https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2017/02/17/homophobia-costs-countries-100-billion-a-year/Links to an external site.

Shabani, A., Masoumian, S., Zamirinejad, S., Hejri, M., Pirmorad, T., & Yaghmaeezadeh, H. (2021). Psychometric properties of Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders-Clinician Version (SCID-5-CV). Brain and behavior, 11(5), e01894. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1894Links to an external site.

Scheer, J. R., & Baams, L. (2021). Help-Seeking Patterns Among LGBTQ Young Adults Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence Victimization. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(17-18), 8050–8069. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260519848785Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Taylor, J. (2016, July 18). Researchers Calculated the Economic Cost of Homophobia — And the Numbers Are Staggering. MIC. https://www.mic.com/articles/148935/researchers-calculated-the-economic-cost-of-homophobia-and-the-numbers-are-staggeringLinks to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)

Tracy, N. (2019, May 14). List of Anxiety Medications – Antianxiety Medications List, Healthy Place. https://www.healthyplace.com/anxiety-panic/anxiety-disorders/list-of-anxiety-medications-antianxiety-medications-list

Whitfield, D. L., Coulter, R., Langenderfer-Magruder, L., & Jacobson, D. (2021). Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence Among Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender College Students: The Intersection of Gender, Race, and Sexual Orientation. Journal of interpersonal violence, 36(11-12), NP6040–NP6064. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518812071Links to an external site.(Comprehensive Essay Example on LGBTQI Behavioral and Mental Health)